Osteoporosis management in patients with chronic kidney disease (ERCOS Study): A challenge in nephrological care.

Fracture risk assessment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been included in the CKD-MBD ("Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorders") complex in international and national nephrology guidelines, suggesting for the first time the assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) if the results can influence therapeutic decision-making. However, there is very little information on actual clinical practice in this population. The main objective of the ERCOS (ERC-Osteoporosis) study is to describe the profile of patients with CKD G3-5D with osteoporosis (OP) and/or fragility fractures treated in specialized nephrology, rheumatology and internal medicine clinics in Spain. Fifteen centers participated and 162 patients (mostly women [71.2%] postmenopausal [98.3%]) with a median age of 77 years were included. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 36 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 38% of the included patients were on dialysis. We highlight the high frequency of prevalent fragility fractures [37.7%), mainly vertebral (52.5%) and hip (24.6%)], the disproportionate history of patients with glomerular disease compared to purely nephrological series (corticosteroids) and undertreatment for fracture prevention, especially in nephrology consultations. This study is an immediate call to action with the dissemination of the new, more proactive, clinical guidelines, and underlines the need to standardize a coordinated and multidisciplinary care/therapeutic approach to these patients in an efficient way to avoid current discrepancies and therapeutic nihilism.

Validation of gout diagnosis in electronic primary care medical records: A population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the study was to see the concordance between the diagnosis of gout recorded in primary care electronic medical records and the ACR/EULAR 2015 classification criteria. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using electronic medicals records in 7 primary care centres of Barcelona. Patients' data to study clinical diagnose and management was gathered from the primary care electronic medical records of the Catalonian health institute (Institut Català de la Salut, ICS) and phone interview. Patients were considered to have gout if they scored 8 or more points on the EULAR/ACR 2015 classification criteria for gout. RESULTS: In total, 70.9% of the patients with a gout diagnosis met ACR/EULAR 2015 criteria. Adding a hyperuricemia in a blood test in the EMR increased the percentage to 78.9%. 29.8% of the gout patients were not receiving urate-lowering therapy. 62.3% of the treated patients did not achieve the target uricemia (< 6mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of gout patients from primary care electronic medical records fulfil ACR/EULAR gout criteria. This database can be used for observational studies. In most of the gout patients the urate target was not achieved.

Prevalence and treatment of fragility fractures in Spanish primary care: PREFRAOS study.

In Spanish primary care (PC), the prevalence of fragility fractures (FF) in subjects ≥ 70 years old is high, especially in women. One-third of subjects with an FF lacked osteoporosis (OP) diagnosis and >50% were not currently receiving OP medication. An improvement of the FF management in this population is needed. PURPOSE: In Spanish PC, the prevalence of FF is high, especially in women. One-third of subjects with a FF lacked an OP diagnosis and more than half were not currently receiving OP medication. Several studies reported underdiagnosis/undertreatment of OP in PC among elderly subjects with FF. To date, no such data exist for Spain. The purpose is to estimate the prevalence of FF in the elderly population (≥ 70 years old) and to describe the characteristics, risk factors, comorbidities, and OP diagnosis and treatment rates of subjects with FF in Spanish PC centers. METHODS: This is an observational, retrospective study in Spain consisting of two phases. Phase A included all subjects ≥ 70 years old listed in the center's medical records from November 2018 to March 2020. Phase B included subjects with FF and prior consultation at the center for any reason. Subjects were excluded only if they had previously participated in another study. Primary outcomes were prevalence of FF (phase A) and characteristics of subjects with at least one FF (phase B). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of FF was 17.7% among subjects visiting medical centers for any reason (24.1% women vs. 8.0% men) (30 PC centers from 14 Spanish regions). Vertebral (5.1%) was the most prevalent fracture. Of 665 subjects in phase B, most (87%) were women and ≥ 80 years old (57%), suffered mainly major OP fracture (68%), and had multiple comorbidities (≥ 2, 89.2%). While two-thirds had OP diagnosis and 61.1% received OP medication anytime in the past, 56.8% were not currently receiving OP medication. Diagnosis and treatment rates were lower among men (43% and 38% vs. 70% and 65%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of FF was high, especially in women. One-third of subjects lacked OP diagnosis and ≥ 50% were not receiving OP treatment; diagnosis and treatment gaps were larger among men. This reinforces the need to improve the management of FF in the elderly population. However, as PC centers participating in this study had high OP experience that have the potential to do better in terms of diagnosis and treatment, caution in the generalization of these data should be taken.

Development and external validation of a 1- and 5-year fracture prediction tool based on electronic medical records data: The EPIC risk algorithm.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to develop and validate a fracture risk algorithm for the automatic identification of subjects at high risk of imminent and long-term fracture risk. RESEARCH, DESIGN, AND METHODS: A cohort of subjects aged 50-85, between 2007 and 2017, was extracted from the Catalan information system for the development of research in primary care database (SIDIAP). Participants were followed until the earliest of death, transfer out, fracture, or 12/31/2017. Potential risk factors were obtained based on the existing literature. Cox regression was used to model 1 and 5-year risk of hip and major fracture. The original cohort was randomly split in 80:20 for development and internal validation purposes respectively. External validation was explored in a cohort extracted from the Spanish database for pharmaco-epidemiological research in primary care. RESULTS: A total of 1.76 million people were included from SIDIAP (50.7 % women with mean age of 65.4 years). Hip and major fracture incidence rates were 3.57 [95%CI 3.53 to 3.60] and 11.61 [95%CI 11.54 to 11.68] per 1000 person-years, respectively. The derived model included 19 risk factors. Internal validity showed good results on calibration and discrimination. The 1-year C-statistic for hip and major fracture were 0.851 (95%CI 0.853 to 0.864), and 0.717 (95%CI 0.742 to 0.749) respectively. The 5-year C-statistic for hip and major fracture were 0.849 (95%CI 0.847 to 0.852) and 0.724 (95%CI 0.721 to 0.727) respectively. External validation showed good performance for hip and major fracture risk prediction. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed and validated a clinical prediction tool for 1- and 5-year hip and major osteoporotic fracture risks using electronic primary care data. The proposed algorithm can be automatically estimated at the population level using the available primary care records. Future work is needed on the cost-effectiveness of its use for population-based screening and targeted prevention of osteoporotic fractures.

Mortality, Falls, and Fracture Risk Are Positively Associated With Frailty: A SIDIAP Cohort Study of 890 000 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Frail subjects are at increased risk of adverse outcomes. We aimed to assess their risk of falls, all-cause mortality, and fractures. METHOD: We used a retrospective cohort study using the Sistema d'Informació per al Desenvolupament de l'Investigació en Atenció Primària database (>6 million residents). Subjects aged 75 years and older with ≥1 year of valid data (2007-2015) were included. Follow-up was carried out from (the latest of) the date of cohort entry up to migration, end of the study period or outcome (whichever came first). The eFRAGICAP classified subjects as fit, mild, moderate, or severely frail. Outcomes (10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases) were incident falls, fractures (overall/hip/vertebral), and all-cause mortality during the study period. Statistics: hazard ratios (HRs), 95% CI adjusted (per age, sex, and socioeconomic status), and unadjusted cause-specific Cox models, accounting for competing risk of death (fit group as the reference). RESULTS: A total of 893 211 subjects were analyzed; 54.4% were classified as fit, 34.0% as mild, 9.9% as moderate, and 1.6% as severely frail. Compared with the fit, frail had an increased risk of falls (adjusted HR [95% CI] of 1.55 [1.52-1.58], 2.74 [2.66-2.84], and 5.94 [5.52-6.40]), all-cause mortality (adjusted HR [95% CI] of 1.36 [1.35-1.37], 2.19 [2.16-2.23], and 4.29 [4.13-4.45]), and fractures (adjusted HR [95% CI] of 1.21 [1.20-1.23], 1.51 [1.47-1.55], and 2.36 [2.20-2.53]) for mild, moderate, and severe frailty, respectively. Severely frail had a high risk of vertebral (HR of 2.49 [1.99-3.11]) and hip fracture (HR [95% CI] of 1.85 [1.50-2.28]). Accounting for competing risk of death did not change results. CONCLUSION: Frail subjects are at increased risk of death, fractures, and falls. The eFRAGICAP tool can easily assess frailty in electronic primary care databases in Spain.

Association of Tramadol vs Codeine Prescription Dispensation With Mortality and Other Adverse Clinical Outcomes.

Importance: Although tramadol is increasingly used to manage chronic noncancer pain, few safety studies have compared it with other opioids. Objective: To assess the associations of tramadol, compared with codeine, with mortality and other adverse clinical outcomes as used in outpatient settings. Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective, population-based, propensity score-matched cohort study using a primary care database with routinely collected medical records and pharmacy dispensations covering more than 80% of the population of Catalonia, Spain (≈6 million people). Patients 18 years or older with 1 or more year of available data and dispensation of tramadol or codeine (2007-2017) were included and followed up to December 31, 2017. Exposures: New prescription dispensation of tramadol or codeine (no dispensation in the previous year). Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes studied were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, fractures, constipation, delirium, falls, opioid abuse/dependence, and sleep disorders within 1 year after the first dispensation. Absolute rate differences (ARDs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using cause-specific Cox models. Results: Of the 1 093 064 patients with a tramadol or codeine dispensation during the study period (326 921 for tramadol, 762 492 for codeine, 3651 for both drugs concomitantly), a total of 368 960 patients (184 480 propensity score-matched pairs) were included after study exclusions and propensity score matching (mean age, 53.1 [SD, 16.1] years; 57.3% women). Compared with codeine, tramadol dispensation was significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (incidence, 13.00 vs 5.61 per 1000 person-years; HR, 2.31 [95% CI, 2.08-2.56]; ARD, 7.37 [95% CI, 6.09-8.78] per 1000 person-years), cardiovascular events (incidence, 10.03 vs 8.67 per 1000 person-years; HR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.05-1.27]; ARD, 1.36 [95% CI, 0.45-2.36] per 1000 person-years), and fractures (incidence, 12.26 vs 8.13 per 1000 person-years; HR, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.37-1.65]; ARD, 4.10 [95% CI, 3.02-5.29] per 1000 person-years). No significant difference was observed for the risk of falls, delirium, constipation, opioid abuse/dependence, or sleep disorders. Conclusions and Relevance: In this population-based cohort study, a new prescription dispensation of tramadol, compared with codeine, was significantly associated with a higher risk of subsequent all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and fractures, but there was no significant difference in the risk of constipation, delirium, falls, opioid abuse/dependence, or sleep disorders. The findings should be interpreted cautiously, given the potential for residual confounding.

Childhood overweight and obesity and back pain risk: a cohort study of 466 997 children.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between age, sex, socioeconomic group, weight status and back pain risk in a large general population cohort of children. DESIGN AND SETTING: A dynamic cohort of children aged 4 years in the Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) electronic primary care records data in Catalonia. Multivariable Cox models were fitted to explore the association between back pain and weight status categories according to the WHO 2007 growth reference groups (body mass index for age z-score). Models were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status and nationality. PARTICIPANTS: Children seen at age 4 years at paediatric primary care clinics between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2013 and followed up until 31 December 2016 or age 15 years. OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident back pain registered by paediatricians at primary care using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, 10th Edition code M54. RESULTS: 466 997 children were followed for a median 5.0 years (IQR 5.1). In multivariable models, overweight and obesity increased back pain risk, with adjusted HRs of 1.18 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.27) and 1.34 (95%CI 1.19 to 1.51) for overweight and obesity, respectively. Females were at greater risk of back pain than males with adjusted HR 1.40 (95%CI 1.35 to 1.46). Adjusted HR was 1.43 (95%CI 1.33 to 1.55) for back pain in children from the most deprived socioeconomic groups compared with the least deprived socioeconomic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining a healthy weight from an early age may reduce the prevalence of back pain in both children and adults. Overweight female children from deprived socioeconomic groups are at greatest risk of back pain and represent a target population for intervention.

Preschool Obesity Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Childhood Fracture: A Longitudinal Cohort Study of 466,997 Children and Up to 11 Years of Follow-up in Catalonia, Spain.

This study aimed to determine if having an overweight or obese range body mass index (BMI) at time of beginning school is associated with increased fracture incidence in childhood. A dynamic cohort was created from children presenting for routine preschool primary care screening, collected in the Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) platform in Catalonia, Spain. Data were collected from 296 primary care centers representing 74% of the regional pediatric population. A total of 466,997 children (48.6% female) with a validated weight and height measurement within routine health care screening at age 4 years (±6 months) between 2006 and 2013 were included, and followed up to the age of 15, migration out of region, death, or until December 31, 2016. BMI was calculated at age 4 years and classified using WHO growth tables, and fractures were identified using previously validated ICD10 codes in electronic primary care records, divided by anatomical location. Actuarial lifetables were used to calculate cumulative incidence. Cox regression was used to investigate the association of BMI category and fracture risk with adjustment for socioeconomic status, age, sex, and nationality. Median follow-up was 4.90 years (interquartile range [IQR] 2.50 to 7.61). Cumulative incidence of any fracture during childhood was 9.20% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.79% to 14.61%) for underweight, 10.06% (9.82% to 10.29%) for normal weight, 11.28% (10.22% to 12.35%) for overweight children, and 13.05% (10.69% to 15.41%) for children with obesity. Compared with children of normal range weight, having an overweight and obese range BMI was associated with an excess risk of lower limb fracture (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.42 [1.26 to 1.59]; 1.74 [1.46 to 2.06], respectively) and upper limb fracture (adjusted HR = 1.10 [1.03 to 1.17]; 1.19 [1.07 to 1.31]). Overall, preschool children with an overweight or obese range BMI had increased incidence of upper and lower limb fractures in childhood compared with contemporaries of normal weight. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Validation of fragility fractures in primary care electronic medical records: a population-based study / Validación de las fracturas por fragilidad en la historia clínica informatizada de atención primaria: un estudio poblacional

PURPUSE: Electronic medical records databases use pre-specified lists of diagnostic codes to identify fractures. These codes, however, are not specific enough to disentangle traumatic from fragility-related fractures. We report on the proportion of fragility fractures identified in a random sample of coded fractures in SIDIAP. METHODS: Patients≥50 years old with any fracture recorded in 2012 (as per pre-specified ICD-10 codes) and alive at the time of recruitment were eligible for this retrospective observational study in 6 primary care centres contributing to the SIDIAP database (www.sidiap.org). Those with previous fracture/s, non-responders, and those with dementia or a serious psychiatric disease were excluded. Data on fracture type (traumatic vs fragility), skeletal site, and basic patient characteristics were collected. RESULTS: Of 491/616 (79.7%) patients with a registered fracture in 2012 who were contacted, 331 (349 fractures) were included. The most common fractures were forearm (82), ribs (38), and humerus (32), and 225/349 (64.5%) were fragility fractures, with higher proportions for classic osteoporotic sites: hip, 91.7%; spine, 87.7%; and major fractures, 80.5%. This proportion was higher in women, the elderly, and patients with a previously coded diagnosis of osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS: More than 4 in 5 major fractures recorded in SIDIAP are due to fragility (non-traumatic), with higher proportions for hip (92%) and vertebral (88%) fracture, and a lower proportion for fractures other than major ones. Our data support the validity of SIDIAP for the study of the epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures

OBJETIVOS: La historia clínica informatizada utiliza una lista de códigos diagnósticos pre-especificados para identiticar fracturas, pero estos códigos no permiten distinguir entre fracturas traumáticas y fracturas por fragilidad. Se reporta la proporción de fracturas por fragilidad identificadas en una muestra aleatorizada de fracturas codificadas en SIDIAP. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional retrospectivo realizado en 6 centros de atención primaria que contribuyen a la base de datos SIDIAP (www.sidiap.org). Se seleccionaron pacientes ≥50 años con cualquier fractura registrada en 2012 (mediante códigos CIE-10) que permanecieran vivos en el reclutamiento y excluyendo aquellos con fractura previa, contacto imposible o aquellos con demencia o trastorno mental severo. Se recogió información sobre tipo de fractura (traumática o fragilidad), localización y características descriptivas de los pacientes. RESULTADOS: Un total de 491/616 (79,7%) de los pacientes con fractura en 2012 fueron contactados y 331 (349 fracturas) fueron incluidos. Las fracturas más comunes fueron antebrazo (82), costillas (38) y húmero (32); 225/349 (64,5%) fueron fracturas por fragilidad, con mayor proporción para las localizaciones típicas de la osteoporosis: fémur (91,7%), columna vertebral (87,7%) y fracturas principales (80,5%). La proporción fue mayor en mujeres, edad avanzada y pacientes con diagnóstico previo de osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONES: Más de 4 de cada 5 fracturas principales registradas en SIDIAP son por fragilidad, con una mayor proporción para fémur (92%) y columna verterbal (88%), y menor proporción para otras localizaciones no típicas. Nuestros datos apoyan la validación de SIDIAP para el estudio epidemiológico de las fracturas osteoporóticas

Validation of fragility fractures in primary care electronic medical records: A population-based study.

PURPOSE: Electronic medical records databases use pre-specified lists of diagnostic codes to identify fractures. These codes, however, are not specific enough to disentangle traumatic from fragility-related fractures. We report on the proportion of fragility fractures identified in a random sample of coded fractures in SIDIAP. METHODS: Patients≥50 years old with any fracture recorded in 2012 (as per pre-specified ICD-10 codes) and alive at the time of recruitment were eligible for this retrospective observational study in 6 primary care centres contributing to the SIDIAP database (www.sidiap.org). Those with previous fracture/s, non-responders, and those with dementia or a serious psychiatric disease were excluded. Data on fracture type (traumatic vs fragility), skeletal site, and basic patient characteristics were collected. RESULTS: Of 491/616 (79.7%) patients with a registered fracture in 2012 who were contacted, 331 (349 fractures) were included. The most common fractures were forearm (82), ribs (38), and humerus (32), and 225/349 (64.5%) were fragility fractures, with higher proportions for classic osteoporotic sites: hip, 91.7%; spine, 87.7%; and major fractures, 80.5%. This proportion was higher in women, the elderly, and patients with a previously coded diagnosis of osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS: More than 4 in 5 major fractures recorded in SIDIAP are due to fragility (non-traumatic), with higher proportions for hip (92%) and vertebral (88%) fracture, and a lower proportion for fractures other than major ones. Our data support the validity of SIDIAP for the study of the epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures.

Fracture risk in type 2 diabetic patients: A clinical prediction tool based on a large population-based cohort.

BACKGROUND: An increased fracture risk has been described as a complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Clinical prediction models for general population have a limited predictive accuracy for fractures in T2DM patients. The aim was to develop and validate a clinical prediction tool for the estimation of 5-year hip and major fracture risk in T2DM patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cohort of newly diagnosed T2DM patients (n = 51,143, aged 50-85, 57% men) was extracted from the Information System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) database, containing computerized primary care records for >80% of the population of Catalonia, Spain (>6 million people). Patients were followed up from T2DM diagnosis until the earliest of death, transfer out, fracture, or end of study. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the 5-year risk of hip and major fracture. Calibration and discrimination were assessed. Hip and major fracture incidence rates were 1.84 [95%CI 1.64 to 2.05] and 7.12 [95%CI 6.72 to 7.53] per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Both hip and major fracture prediction models included age, sex, previous major fracture, statins use, and calcium/vitamin D supplements; previous ischemic heart disease was also included for hip fracture and stroke for major fracture. Discrimination (0.81 for hip and 0.72 for major fracture) and calibration plots support excellent internal validity. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed prediction models have good discrimination and calibration for the estimation of both hip and major fracture risk in incident T2DM patients. These tools incorporate key T2DM macrovascular complications generally available in primary care electronic medical records, as well as more generic fracture risk predictors. Future work will focus on validation of these models in external cohorts.

Tratamiento de la osteoporosis / Update on osteoporosis treatment

El tratamiento de la osteoporosis se ha de dirigir principalmente hacia la prevención secundaria de fracturas. La aparición de efectos adversos relacionados con fármacos para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis ha hecho revaluar las indicaciones, el tiempo de tratamiento e incluso retirar la comercialización de algunos de ellos. Esta revisión se ha planteado desde diferentes perfiles de pacientes que los facultativos van a encontrarse en la práctica habitual: desde pacientes con fractura de cadera con deterioro cognitivo, limitación de sus actividades para la vida diaria y comorbilidades, hasta pacientes activos y sin ninguna limitación y pacientes con fracturas vertebrales y fracturas no vertebrales en los que la prevención secundaria es realmente importante. En general, los fármacos antirresortivos (alendronato y risedronato) serán de primera elección. Zoledronato o denosumab estarán indicados en caso de intolerancia digestiva, mala adherencia o con mayor riesgo de fractura de cadera. Teriparatide estará indicado en pacientes con 2 o más fracturas vertebrales previas o con densidad ósea muy baja

Treatment of osteoporosis should be directed primarily towards secondary prevention of fractures. The occurrence of drug-related adverse effects for the treatment of osteoporosis has led to a reevaluation of the indications, the duration of treatment and even withdrawal of some drugs from the market. This review has been made from different patient profiles that practitioners will find in usual practice; from patients with hip fracture with cognitive impairment, limitation of their day-to-day living activities and comorbidities, to active patients without any limitations; patients with vertebral fractures and non-vertebral fractures where secondary prevention is highly important. In general, antiresorptive drugs (alendronate and risedronate) will be the first choice. Zoledronate or denosumab will be indicated in cases of digestive intolerance, poor adherence or an increased risk of hip fracture. Teriparatide will be indicated to patients with 2 or more previous vertebral fractures or very low bone density

Differential Mortality and the Excess Rates of Hip Fracture Associated With Type 2 Diabetes: Accounting for Competing Risks in Fracture Prediction Matters.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with a reduced life expectancy. The latest published evidence suggests an increased risk of fractures among T2DM patients. We conducted a population-based cohort study to determine the impact of mortality as a competing risk in the study of the association between T2DM and hip fracture rates. Participants were all diagnosed T2DM patients registered in the Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de la Investigación en Atención Primaria (SIDIAP) database aged 65 years and older; up to two non-T2DM were matched by age, sex, and primary care facility. We used Cox regression models to estimate cause-specific hazard ratio (HR) of death or hip fracture according to T2DM status. Fine and Gray models were then fitted to estimate the subhazard ratio (SHR) of hip fracture while accounting for competing risk with death and to estimate the probability of hip fracture within 5 years. A total of 55,891 T2DM and 103,093 matched non-T2DM patients were observed for a median of 8 years. Mortality was 48.8 per 1000 person years (py) in T2DM, and 33.8 per 1000 py in non-T2DM; hip fracture rates were 6.0 per 1000 py and 4.9 per 1000 py, respectively. Cox models confirmed a significant association for death and hip fracture: HR 1.51 (95% CI, 1.48 to 1.55), and HR 1.32 (95% CI, 1.24 to 1.40), respectively. Accounting for death as a competing event (Fine-Gray models), the association between T2DM and hip fracture risk remained statistically significant (SHR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.21) and the probability of a hip fracture within 5 years was 2.3% for TD2M and 1.9% for non-TD2M patients compared to 2.6% and 2.1% respectively using Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimates. T2DM patients have a 50% increased mortality and, after adjusting for differential survival at 5 years, a 21% increased incidence of hip fracture when compared to matched non-T2DM. Failing to account for differential mortality leads to an overestimation of fracture risk. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Update on osteoporosis treatment. / Tratamiento de la osteoporosis.

Treatment of osteoporosis should be directed primarily towards secondary prevention of fractures. The occurrence of drug-related adverse effects for the treatment of osteoporosis has led to a reevaluation of the indications, the duration of treatment and even withdrawal of some drugs from the market. This review has been made from different patient profiles that practitioners will find in usual practice; from patients with hip fracture with cognitive impairment, limitation of their day-to-day living activities and comorbidities, to active patients without any limitations; patients with vertebral fractures and non-vertebral fractures where secondary prevention is highly important. In general, antiresorptive drugs (alendronate and risedronate) will be the first choice. Zoledronate or denosumab will be indicated in cases of digestive intolerance, poor adherence or an increased risk of hip fracture. Teriparatide will be indicated to patients with 2or more previous vertebral fractures or very low bone density.

Insulin use and Excess Fracture Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity-Matched cohort analysis.

Despite normal to high bone mineral density, patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increased fracture risk. T2DM medications could partially account for this excess risk. The aim of this study was to assess the association between insulin use and bone fracture risk in T2DM patients. A population-based matched cohort study based on a primary care records database validated for research use (Catalonia, Spain) was performed. Propensity score (PS) for insulin use was calculated using logistic regression including predefined predictors of fractures. A total of 2,979 insulin users and 14,895 non-users were observed for a median of 1.42 and 4.58 years respectively. Major fracture rates were 11.2/1,000 person-years for insulin users, compared with 8.3/1,000 among non-users. Matched models confirmed a significant association, with an adjusted subhazard ratio (adj SHR) of 1.38 [95% CI 1.06 to 1.80] for major fractures. No differences between types of insulin or different regimens were found. Estimated number needed to harm (fracture) was 82 (95% CI 32 to 416). Insulin use appears to be associated with a 38% excess fracture risk among T2DM patients in the early stages of the disease. Fracture risk should be included among the considerations to initiate insulin treatment.

The association between fracture and obesity is site-dependent: a population-based study in postmenopausal women.

The association between obesity and fracture is controversial. We investigated the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and fracture at different skeletal sites in women aged ≥50 years using data from the Sistema d' Informació per al Desenvolupament de la Investigació en Atenció Primària (SIDIAP) database. SIDIAP contains the computerized medical records of >3400 general practitioners in Catalonia (northeastern Spain), with information on a representative 80% of the population (>5 million people). In 2009, 1,039,878 women aged ≥50 years were eligible, of whom 832,775 (80.1%) had a BMI measurement. These were categorized into underweight/normal (302,414 women), overweight (266,798), and obese (263,563). Fractures were ascertained using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes. Multivariate Poisson regression models were fitted to adjust for age, smoking, high alcohol intake, type 2 diabetes, and oral corticosteroid use. Hip fractures were significantly less common in overweight and obese women than in normal/underweight women (rate ratio [RR] 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 0.88], RR 0.63 [95% CI 0.64 to 0.79], p < 0.001, respectively). Pelvis fracture rates were lower in the overweight (RR 0.78 [95% CI 0.63 to 0.96], p = 0.017) and obese (RR 0.58 [95% CI 0.47 to 0.73], p < 0.001) groups. Conversely, obese women were at significantly higher risk of proximal humerus fracture than the normal/underweight group (RR 1.28 [95% CI 1.04 to 1.58], p = 0.018). Clinical spine, wrist, tibial, and multiple rib fracture rates were not significantly different between groups. An age-related increase in incidence was seen for all BMI groups at all fracture sites; obese women with hip, clinical spine, and pelvis fracture were significantly younger at the time of fracture than normal/underweight women, whereas those with wrist fracture were significantly older. The association between obesity and fracture in postmenopausal women is site-dependent, obesity being protective against hip and pelvis fractures but associated with an almost 30% increase in risk for proximal humerus fractures when compared with normal/underweight women. The reasons for these site-specific variations are unknown but may be related to different patterns of falls and attenuation of their impact by adipose tissue.

Riesgo de fracturas en mujeres mayores de 65 años en un centro de atención primaria / Risk of fractures in women over 65 years old at a primary care centre

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